b) The structure of the federal bureaucracy contributes to bureaucratic independence by being large, specialized and merit based. Because the bureaucratic agencies are so specialized there is not much intervention by the state. The complexity of public policy problems also contribute because agencies are delegated authority —because Congress and the president cannot handle everything, they delegate authority to the bureaucracy.
c) Congress, The Courts and Interest Groups can check the bureaucracy based on constitutional provision. Congress can do so by rejecting presidential appointments to the bureaucracy. The courts can judicially review and declare bureaucratic actions unconstitutional. Interest groups can use the first amendment to protest and lobby against the bureaucracy.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap10_us_govt_politics_q2.pdf
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